Responding is Christine Robinson, Ph.D., faculty member, College of Safety & Emergency Services, Columbia Southern University, Orange Beach, AL.
On many construction sites, the issue isn’t whether personal protective equipment is available, but whether it’s consistently used. Many contractors can point to well-stocked PPE supplies, yet inconsistent use remains a persistent and preventable risk. This disconnect highlights gaps in training and safety education that go beyond simple compliance.
Two of the most common gaps are hazard recognition and risk perception. Workers are told what PPE to wear but aren’t always trained to fully understand the consequences of not wearing it. When hazards become routine or familiar, the perceived risk declines. This is especially concerning in construction, where falls continue to be a leading cause of fatalities.
The delivery methods for training are also flawed. Classroom lectures and tailgate talks may check the box, but they don’t necessarily change behavior. In construction, workers learn best when training is hands-on and immediately relevant to the tasks they’re performing. When training is disconnected from the job, it’s quickly forgotten once the pace of the workday takes over.
Another challenge is practical competency. Workers might have the right equipment but lack confidence in how to use it correctly. Fit, comfort and usability all matter. If a respirator doesn’t seal properly or a harness is cumbersome, workers are less likely to wear it consistently. These are predictable barriers. Training should go beyond identification of PPE and focus on proper use, adjustment and integration into the task.
Modeling plays a critical role in whether training translates into practice. Workers follow what they see. If PPE use isn’t consistently enforced or if supervisors fail to model the behavior themselves, the expectation erodes quickly.
Production pressure is another factor that’s often ignored in training. Workers are balancing safety expectations with schedule demands. When speed is prioritized, or even encouraged, PPE can be seen as something that slows down the job. Training needs to acknowledge this reality and reinforce that safety is part of the work.
Finally, many programs fail to address the behavioral and cultural drivers behind PPE use. Peer pressure, crew norms and time constraints all influence decisions in the field. Workers may skip PPE to stay in step with the crew or avoid being seen as slowing down tasks.
Inconsistent PPE use isn’t just a compliance issue. It reflects gaps in how workers are trained, how expectations are reinforced and how safety is integrated. When training is practical, relevant and supported by consistent supervision, PPE use becomes part of how the job is done, not something workers have to be reminded to don.
Editor’s note: This article represents the independent views of the author and should not be considered a National Safety Council endorsement.
References
Al-Bayati, A. J., Rener, A. T., Listello, M. P., & Mohamed, M. (2023). PPE non-compliance among construction workers: An assessment of contributing factors utilizing fuzzy theory. Journal of Safety Research, 85, 242–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2023.02.008
Al-Mhdawi, M.K.S. and O’Connor, A. (2026). Impact of sustainable safety climate on poor compliance with personal protective equipment in oil and gas construction projects: quantitative analysis and best sustainable practices, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Volume 117; March 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108211
Jansen, et al. (2025). Risk perception, barriers and working safely at height in construction: a psychological network approach. BMC Public Health, 26(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25548-1
Seah et al. (2025). Factors influencing personal protective equipment (PPE) use among blue-collar workers: an accessible survey. BMC Public Health, 25(1), 3187. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24516-z
